{"id":117023,"date":"2020-09-17T16:58:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-17T20:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/antiguanewsroom.com\/?p=117023"},"modified":"2020-09-17T16:58:00","modified_gmt":"2020-09-17T20:58:00","slug":"barbudans-will-write-their-own-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/antiguanewsroom.com\/barbudans-will-write-their-own-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Barbudans Will Write Their Own History"},"content":{"rendered":"
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By Alvette \u2018Ellorton\u2019 Jeffers\/NWU<\/span><\/h3>\n

Our ancestors were conquered people. We, the descendants of those who were conquered, enslaved, dehumanized and exploited, celebrate our ancestors\u2019 struggles to regain control over their lives. We continue to learn from them the important lesson that laws which justify the conquest and control of economic resources and the domination and organization of people and labor for the benefit of Empire, foreign capital or State, are not immutable.<\/p>

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We best honor our ancestors by confronting and eliminating all hierarchical structures that reinforce forms of socioeconomic domination that hinder us from creating the condition that allows for our total mastery over our spaces and existence.<\/p>\n

Our ancestors were up against a formidable enemy. It has been estimated that by 1913, according to Wikipedia, the British Empire had sway over 458 million people, 25% of the world population\u2026and by 1920 it covered 13,700,000 square miles.<\/p>

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Wherever they went, the British colonizers compelled the colonized to submit to their authority at the point of a bayonet. Violence, death and forced displacement were the results of conquest. Despite its formidability, there was always resistance to British colonial rule, for it constructed a socioeconomic system which delayed and undermined the social and economic development of the colonized people while, manufacturing at the same time, the white myth of African inferiority.<\/p>

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Colonialism represented a real threat to the development of Africans everywhere. Urged by a compelling desire to end their continuing debasement, Africans had to resist because it was in the process of resistance that they continually affirmed their own humanity. It is in the process of revolutionary struggle that human beings discover both their capabilities and limitations.<\/p>\n

Every 9th December, Antigua celebrates heroes\u2019 day. Antigua\u2019s heroes get noticed because they refused to accept the social limitations that British colonialism imposed on the African Antiguan working class and estate workers. Those leaders that we now venerate, were up against a legal system that codified oppression and repression. All this was occurring when Africans in Antigua and Barbuda were
\nbeing denied political representation.<\/p>

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It seems to me though, that in our celebration of the past, we totally ignore or downplay working class struggles against colonial rule that preceded the arrival of VC Bird et al, in 1939. It is my humble<\/p>\n

opinion that these struggles are not made significant on heroes\u2019 day because they were led by ordinary working class leaders whose emergence undermine the idea that everyday people are incapable of self-mobilization and organization.<\/p>

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An important, historical uprising which took place in 1918 is of great significance for us. It had the capacity to undo the colonial system and it was more incendiary than any single event that took place in the 30s and 40s. Those who are interested in the story of this insurrection are advised to read Professor Glen Richards\u2019\u00a0\u201cRace, Class and \u2018Moral Economy\u2019 In The 1918 Antigua Labour Riots<\/a>.<\/p>

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These insurgents were sugar cane workers who initiated a general strike to control how sugar cane was weighed. They brought their protest to the streets where they faced the armed might of the colonial State. Two persons were killed by the armed forces of the State, one was John Furlong and the other was James Brown. Fifteen were wounded and twenty-two were indicted for participating in the 1918 insurrection, according to Professor Richards. They challenged the plantocracy and colonial State that supported it. They caused the ruling classes to shudder, to the point where colonial rulers sought military help outside of Antigua to prop up their rule.<\/p>\n

The attempted slave rebellion in 1736, the insurrection of 1918 and the labor struggles between 1939 to the 1950s, are all significant moments which influenced political developments in Antigua and Barbuda. Though not the most important conclusion, what we can draw from those past struggles is that they all contested the authority of the political and economic classes who wrapped around themselves a fragile, legal shield to ward off any complaint about the illegality of their domination over land and people.<\/p>\n

I do not know any African existing today who, in looking back at the past, would assert that the laws the slave masters and colonizers made to legalize ownership of captured black bodies and land, were laws that the enslaved, dispossessed and displaced had to honor. I certainly would be flabbergasted if I were told that was the case. Why? Not even the European countries that competed with each other for possessions in the Caribbean accepted each other\u2019s claim to land as a fait accompli. Those matters were settled on the battlefield and on sea. After the battles, treaties were signed and then, occasionally, honored in the breach.<\/p>\n

Those who have been uprooted, dispossessed, displaced, exploited, degraded, and disregarded are placed in a position where the only alternative they are offered to end the process of their dehumanization and stultification is to attempt to end the conditions that deny their humanity. Their liberation is the sole justification for their struggle.<\/p>\n

Ruling classes never sanction liberatory actions that are aimed at their demise. Every obsolete, ruling class tries to hold on to power until the moment that it is left with no other alternative but to give up and adjust to the new order or perish. Any student of the French, American, Haitian, Russian and Cuban revolutions would quickly recognize this fact. In opposition to a ruling class and in the process of struggle, the revolution establishes its own rules as it overturns all hitherto existing political and economic relations while building its own. The revolution justifies itself.<\/p>\n

The 1804 Haitian revolution ended French rule in Haiti, and it established itself as the only successful slave uprising in history. Africans all over, look admiringly at what the Haitians achieved in 1804 in much the same way we look back at our own efforts to end the colonial legal, political and economic arrangements that impeded our forward movement.<\/p>\n

I write all that to bring me to Barbuda, some may say, in a very circuitous way. Barbudans say that the land on which they were enslaved and have continued to live from the 17th century up to the present moment belongs to them. That is more than three hundred years in the same place. A respected Antiguan who occasionally advertises his opposition to all things colonial, has written that Barbuda\u2019s claim to the land is invalid because their enslavers and the colonizers whom he claims to despise, did not pass title to them.<\/p>\n

His position converges with those of the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party (A&BLP). Others have pointed out that the Barbudans lost command over their lives the moment Barbuda was linked to Antigua in 1860. They say, metaphorically, that this one hundred and sixty years old, long, iron chain with each of its rusty links stained with the dried blood of our ancestors eternally binds Barbuda to Antigua, even if Barbudans\u2019 lives remain an ignoble one.<\/p>\n

Britain and the island\u2019s white administrators made a decision about the future of two people on two separate islands and never asked either what they thought about the decision. At that time, blacks were unable to vote and trade unions were illegal. Those who oppose Barbuda\u2019s land claim and their efforts to be self-determined have summoned the ghost of the colonizers to their side. Their pronouncements on Barbuda, express and endorse colonial notions and practices of property rights; the same rights and practices that Antiguan sugar workers contested and lost their lives or were imprisoned for doing so.<\/p>\n

Yet they celebrate Antigua\u2019s anti-colonial struggles, while overlooking or devaluing Barbudans\u2019 effort to redirect their lives which cannot succeed if they are not free to organize their resources to support and manage their own development. They also support black self-determination and self-reliance in Africa but encourage foreign control of Barbuda. When, in the 19th century, an Overseer observed that Barbudans \u201cacknowledge no Master and believe the island belongs to them,\u201d it was a confirmation that Barbudans had a vision of living that was in opposition to the life the colonialists had designed for them in 1860. It is a life of self-determining, which this Overseer, like Gaston Brown today, would have been hostile to. (See Justin Simon, Observer Newspaper, September 01, 2020)<\/p>\n

This is the starting point of all great revolutions. It is where the Haitian and American revolutions began. The rejection of \u201cmasters\u201d puts on the agenda, the overthrow of the old order. Scholars who have written to defend the authenticity of the 1736 planned rebellion against Antigua\u2019s slave masters to make themselves \u201cmasters\u201d of the land, do not admit to a similar value in Barbudans\u2019 expression to be \u201cmaster\u201d of their land. They equivocate about it or fight it, either out of prejudice or in deference to the wishes of the government that they represent and willingly serve. Barbudans will, nevertheless, write their own history and the Antiguan working class and everyday people will help them when they too fulfil the dream<\/p>\n

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By Alvette \u2018Ellorton\u2019 Jeffers\/NWU Our ancestors were conquered people. We, the descendants of those who were conquered, enslaved, dehumanized and exploited, celebrate our ancestors\u2019 struggles to regain control over their lives. We continue to learn from them the important lesson that laws which justify the conquest and control of economic resources and the domination and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8048,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-117023","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"\nBarbudans Will Write Their Own History - Antigua News Room<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/antiguanewsroom.com\/barbudans-will-write-their-own-history\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Barbudans Will Write Their Own History\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Alvette \u2018Ellorton\u2019 Jeffers\/NWU Our ancestors were conquered people. 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